Table of Contents

Three Nations at the Crossroads

Introduction

2

Brazil
Dance of Deception: a Reading of Race Relations in Brazil
by Abdias do Nascimento and Elisa Larkin Nascimento

7

Introduction

7

Inequality in Brazil: A General Picture

7

Racial Inequality in Brazil

8

Gender and Race Disparities

10

Education Disparities

12

Disparities in Mortality and Living Conditions

13

Disparities in Public Images

13

Historical Roots of Inequality

15

Whitening, Demography and Color Classifications

16

Voices and Viewpoints

17

Correcting the Record

18

New Perspectives

18

Strategies and Opportunities

21

Directions

24

Conclusion

24

Appendix

25

Endnotes

26

Abbreviations

29

References

30

Extent and Nature of Racial Inequalities in Brazil

by Nelson do Valle Silva

Introduction

33

Social Mobility

34

Acquisition of Income

38

Conclusion

39

References

39

Endnotes

40

Appendix

41

South Africa

43

The Second Republic: Race, Inequality and Democracy in South Africa

by Wilmot James and Jeffrey Lever

Introduction

43

South Africans and Their Labels

44

Colonial Conquest and the Land Question

45

State and Social Inequality

48

Racism and Democracy

53

The Second Republic

56

Endnotes

57

A Rich and Tangled Skein:Strategy and Ideology in Anti-Apartheid Struggles

by Colin Bundy

Introduction

60

Watershed Years: the 1940s

61

Defiance, Charter, Africanism, and Sharpeville

62

Sharpeville and the Turn to Armed Struggle

64

Black Consciousness, Worker Struggles, and Soweto

66

Decade of Defiance: 1979-89

68

Conclusion

70

Endnotes

71

References

72

The United States

75

Not Yet "E Pluribus Unum": Racism, America’s Achilles’ Heel

By Charles V. Hamilton

Introduction

75

What’s To Be Done and How: The Necessity for Coalitions

76

What Has Been Done and Why: Pressure at Home and International Vulnerability

78

Encouraging Trends, and Disturbing Developments

83

Opportunities and Strategies

91

What Are Some Opportunities?

91

Are There Promising Strategies?

93

Conclusion: "E Pluribus Justitia"

94

Endnotes

98

Truth and Reconciliations in America

by Ira Glasser

America’s Original Sin

100

Where We Are Now

103

Chronology of Major Events in the History of Brazil, South Africa and the United States

Brazil

107

South Africa

109

United States

111

APPENDIX

114

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 114

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

115

PUBLICATIONS 115

LIST OF TABLES

116